The paper studies the correlations between FDI in services and manufacturing efficiencies in host countries. First a theoretical analysis is presented on the direct and indirect channels through which FDI in services enhances manufacturing efficiencies in host countries. Then the forward linkages and backward linkages between FDI in services and manufacturing sector in host countries are tested empirically using China’s industrial panel data. We find that FDI in services has positive forward and backward linkage effects on China’s manufacturing sector, with forward linkages stronger than backward linkages, and the wholesale, retail, trade and restaurant sector has the strongest linkage effects.

Lawrence’s writing is heavily influenced by his social background. He is in an incompatible family, for his parents come from different social classes. His sensitiveness to class distinctions brought about by his family background is deeply rooted in his writings. Novel Sons and Lovers is this typical work. One of the distinctive features of the novel is the use of two language varieties which expresses the bilingual situation of the Morels’ family in Sons and Lovers. The writer Lawrence alternatively uses two language varieties in dialogues to reveal the psychology of the characters and the most characteristic of his theme: class conflict. This study researches into the use of language varieties of three major characters (Mr. Mo-rel, Mrs. Morel and their son Paul) in Sons and Loversfrom the viewpoint of code switching to discover how class conflict is presented by alternative use of language varieties. To appreciate and deeply understand the novel, it is necessary to know the application of code switching in this work.

According to a series of hypothesis, for the spiral galaxy, a mathematical equation of the graviton movement track is built, it is also the central curve of the nebulae density distribution, which offers the method to measure the moving speed of the graviton. Using the observed images of the M51 galaxy, it confirms that the graviton movement curve in the spiral galaxy conforms to the image, QUOTE QUOTEis a constant. It points out that by measuring the rate of angular motion of the equivalent center in the galaxy, the real speed of the graviton can be estimated. Under the measuring condition of the M51,. The theory presented in this article also helps to calculate the rotation speed of a galaxy, provided the graviton speed is known for certain. With the model in this article and fitting data from the observation images of M51 galaxy, the guess which says “the moving speed of graviton is a constant” is supported unprecedentedly by observation data. It is for the first time that the upper limit of graviton speed, i.e. no more than times of light speed, is obtained from observation data. At the same time, the paper puts forward one possible way that the lower limit of graviton speed may be measured. And a new idea also brought forward in the paper is that the rotational angular velocity