The sociological dimension of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and automation, is placed in the path traced by the man-machine integration process, started in the eighteenth century by the Industrial Revolution that assumes its current connotation after World War II. The use of the term intelligence, which appears in the expression Artificial Intelligence, is shown to be improper and misleading, and the expression itself should be replaced, eventually, by Artificial Simulation of the Savant Syndrome. By adopting a theoretical perspective, namely Endo-Dynamo-Tensive Model [Messori 2012B], it is traced the mapping of human’s neurological (neuro-dynamics) and psychological (psycho-dynamics) dimension, and is provided the coordinates to be followed in the phenomenological qualification and definition of the psychic-mental-cognitive function intelligence. The neuro-dynamics of the Nervous System (NS), is taken into account by adopting the theoretical, interpretative and investigative perspective indicated by the particular line of research developed in the context of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and QED (Quantum Electrodynamic Field Theory), that describes the water of which all living systems are composed, i.e. biological water, as water in a coherent oscillatory phase or state other than that of common water, named super-coherent oscillatory state. By introducing the possible functional role exerted within brain activity by glial cells, cerebrospinal fluid, intra- and extra-cellular fluid is outlined the overcoming of the classical neuroscience paradigm, based on the vision of brain activity as ruled by networks of neurons interconnected by synapses. The body-mind hard problem is taken into account and a solution is advanced. The psycho-dynamics of the humans mind territory is taken into account according to the four poles of mental functions introduced by C.G. Jung in his Psychological Types (1921), where he introduces a hierarchy of mental functions in two mental bipolar dimensions (dichotomies). These are sensing (attentiveness by means of the sense organs) coupled to intuition (awareness in unconscious way or being aware of unconscious contents) and thinking (function of intellectual cognition; the forming of logical conclusions) coupled to feeling (function of subjective estimation). At the conclusion of this work, it is provided the phenomenological definition of intelligence that does not contemplate the possibility to apply to neuroscience, and to natural and human sciences in general, the paradigm that inspires the research on AI, i.e. computational model and Information Theory.
Cite this paper
Messori, C. (2016). Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence: The King Is Naked. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e3115. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103115.
Messori, C. (2012) Dalla Facoltà Acustico-Musicale
alle Origini del Linguaggio Orale Fino al Predominio della Cavità Orale che Genera
il Mondo sulla Cavità Uterina che Genera la Vita. Il Minotauro, Persiani Editore,
Bologna, 2, 6-43.
Messori, C. (2013)
L’Antropologia della Coscienza incontra la Fisica
Quantistico- Relativistica:
Modello Cosmogonico Endodynamotensivo (EDT) e Mnemopoiesi (MOPS). Volume 1, Il Minotauro, Persiani Editore, Bologna, 1, 7-82.
Zhou, E.H., et al. (2009) Universal Behavior of the Osmotically
Compressed Cell and Its Analogy to the Colloidal Glass Transition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America, 106, 10632-10637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901462106
Clegg, J.S. (1982) Alternative Views on
the Role of Water in Cell Function. In: Franks, F. and Mathias, S.F., Eds., Biophysics of Water, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 365-383.
Antonenko,
Y.N., Pohl, P. and Rosenfeld, E. (1996) Visualisation of the Reaction Layer in the Immediate
Membrane Vicinity. Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics, 333, 225-232. https://www.jku.at/biophysics/content/e54633/e54639/e54665/
Mollenhauer, H.H. and Morré, D.J. (1978) Structural Compartmentation
of the Cytosol: Zones of Exclusion, Zones of Adhesion, Cytoskeletal and Intercisternal
Elements. In: Roodyn, D.B., Ed., Subcellular Biochemistry, Vol. 5, Plenum Press, New York, 327-362.
Pollack, G.H. and Clegg, J. (2008) Unexpected Linkage between
Unstirred Layers, Exclusion Zones, and Water. In: Pollack, G.H. and Chin, W.C., Eds., Phase Transitions in Cell Biology, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin,
Germany, 143-152.
Keutsch, F.N. and Saykally,
R.J. (2001) Water Clusters: Untangling the Mysteries of the Liquid, One Molecule
at a Time. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 10533-10540. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/19/10533.full.pdf
Murugan, N.J., Karbowski, L.M. and Persinger, M.A. (2014) Serial pH Increments (~20 to 40 Milliseconds)
in Water during Exposures to Weak, Physiologically
Patterned Magnetic Fields: Implications for Consciousness. Water Journal, 6, 45-60. http://www.waterjournal.org/volume-6/persinger-summary-2
Pagnotta, S. and Bruni, F. (2007) The Glassy State of Water:
A “Stop and Go” Device for Biological Processes. In: Pollack, G.H., et
al., Eds., Water and the Cell, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, German, 93-112.
Agnati, L.F. and Fuxe,
K. (2014) Extracellular-Vesicle Type of
Volume Transmission and Tunnelling-Nanotube Type of Wiring Transmission Add a New
Dimension to Brain Neuro-Glial Networks. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal SocietyB, 369, Article ID: 20130505.
Agnati, L.F., et al. (2014) Information
Handling by the Brain: Proposal of a New “Paradigm” Involving the Roamer Type of
Volume Transmission and the Tunneling Nanotube Type of Wiring Transmission. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna), 121, 1431-1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1240-0
Roth, G. and Dicke,
U. (2013) Evolution of Nervous Systems and Brains. In: Galizia, C.G. and Lledo, P.M. (eds.) Neurosciences—From Molecule
to Behavior: A University Textbook. Chapter 2, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 19-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10769-6_2
Oberheim, N.A., Goldman, S.A. and Nedergaard, M. (2012) Heterogeneity of Astrocytic
Form and Function. Methods in Molecular Biology,
814, 23-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-452-0_3
Barkovich, A.J., Gressens, P. and Evrard, P. (1992) Formation, Maturation, and
Disorders of Brain Neocortex. American
Journal of Neuroradiology, 13, 423-446. http://www.ajnr.org/content/13/2/423.full.pdf
Ma, D.K., et al. (2008) Neurogenic Niches in the Adult Mammalian
Brain. In: Gage, F.H., Kempermann, G. and Song,
H., Eds., Adult
Neurogenesis, Chapter
11, Cold
Spring Harbor, New York, 207-225.
Morshead, C.M., et al. (1994) Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Forebrain: A Relatively
Quiescent Subpopulation of Subependymal Cells. Neuron, 13, 1071-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(94)90046-9
Doetsch, F., Garcia-Verdugo, J.M. and Alvarez-Buylla, A. (1999) Regeneration of
a Germinal Layer in the Adult Mammalian Brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 97, 11619-11624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.20.11619
Vigh, B., et al. (2004)
The System of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Neurons. Its Supposed Role in the Nonsynaptic
Signal Transmission of the Brain. Histology
and histopathology, 19, 607-628.
Messori, C. (2004) Le Metamorfosi della Meraviglia.
Riflessioni sui Percorsi della Cono- scenza dall’Età
del Bronzo ad Oggi. Maremmi Editori, Firenze Libri, Firenze.